ABSTRACT Companies deal with increasing pressure from multiple stakeholders to report not only their sustainable practices, but also their extended supply chain sustainability (SCS). However, the literature has paid less attention to how stakeholder pressures are shaped in the Global South characterized by institutional voids related to contracting, outsourcing, and weak legislation enforcement. This study maps which stakeholder pressures are associated with SCS reporting analyzing an unbalanced panel data of 220 corporate sustainability reports from 2016 to 2018 by Brazilian listed companies. Results show that long-term oriented shareholders and creditors, company size, and adoption of GRI guidelines are all associated with higher levels of SCS reporting, while public and regulatory pressures are not, offering support to the institutional voids rationale. In the absence or weakness of regulatory pressures, long-term funding sources and access to resources seem to step-in as associated drivers of SCS reporting.

RESUMEN Las empresas se enfrentan a la creciente presión de los stakeholders para informar no solo sobre sus prácticas sostenibles, sino también sobre la sostenibilidad de su cadena de suministro (SCS). Sin embargo, la forma en que se configuran las presiones de stakeholders en el Sur Global, caracterizado por brechas institucionales (subcontratación y cumplimiento débil de la legislación), ha recibido menos atención en la literatura. Este estudio mapea qué presiones de stakeholders están asociadas con los informes de SCS mediante el análisis de un panel de datos desequilibrado de 220 informes de sostenibilidad corporativa de 2016 a 2018 de empresas brasileñas que cotizan en bolsa. Los resultados muestran que los accionistas y acreedores orientados a largo plazo, el tamaño de la empresa y la adopción de las pautas GRI están asociados con niveles más altos de divulgación de informes de SCS, mientras que las presiones públicas y regulatorias no lo están, lo que fundamenta la lógica de los vacíos institucionales. En ausencia de presiones regulatorias, las fuentes de financiamiento a largo plazo y el acceso a los recursos emergen en asociación con la divulgación de informes de SCS.

RESUMO Empresas lidam com a crescente pressão de stakeholders diversos para divulgar não apenas suas práticas sustentáveis, mas também a sustentabilidade da sua cadeia de suprimentos (SCS). No entanto, a forma pela qual as pressões de stakeholders são moldadas no Sul Global – caracterizado por vazios institucionais (contratação, terceirização e frágil aplicação da legislação) – é um fenômeno que tem recebido menos atenção da literatura. O estudo mapeia quais pressões de stakeholders estão associadas à divulgação de relatórios de SCS analisando um painel de dados não balanceado de 220 relatórios de sustentabilidade corporativa de 2016 a 2018 por empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Os resultados mostram que acionistas e credores orientados para o longo prazo, o porte da empresa e a adoção da estrutura do GRI estão associados a níveis mais altos de divulgação de relatórios de SCS, enquanto as pressões públicas e regulatórias não estão associadas da mesma forma, o que embasa a lógica de vazios institucionais. Na ausência de pressões regulatórias, fontes de financiamento de longo prazo e acesso a recursos parecem emergir em associação à divulgação de relatórios de SCS.

Aim The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of abrasion wear on surface roughness and microhardness of different commercially available resin composites simulating pH-challenges of the oral cavity. Methods Three resin composites (RC) were used in this study: one conventional: Z250; and two bulk fill resin composites (BRC): Tetric N-Ceram (TNC) and Sonic Fill (SF). The RC was inserted in a prefabricated mold (15mm wide x 4mm thickness) in two layers, or in a single layer for BRC. Thirty samples were prepared and surface roughness (Ra) and Knoop microhardness (KHN) test were performed at three different time-points of evaluation: baseline (24h after sample preparation); partial (after pH cycling); and final (after simulated toothbrushing procedure). Two samples of each group were selected after different treatments and analyzed descriptively on a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data from Ra and KHN were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test with a significance level set at 5%. Results Ra increased for all groups (p<0.001), at the final time-point, Z250 and TNC groups present the highest values. Oppositely, KHN decreased for all groups (p<0.001), Z250 group showed the highest KHN values for all time-points (p<0.001). The SEM imagens showed a regular surface for samples cycled and irregular with inorganic particles exposed for samples toothbrushed. Conclusion pH-cycling and simulated toothbrushing affected the superficial properties (roughness and Knoop microhardness), as observed at SEM imagens, with irregular surface with inorganic particles exposure.

Abstract Objective: To compare the marginal degradation (susceptibility to marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration) of composite restorations placed in class II and V cavities using conventional and bulk-fill resin composites. Material and Methods: This study was approved by PROSPERO database (#42020201596). PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Lilacs, Cochrane, Open Grey, Clinical Trials, and Rebec databases were searched by three independent investigators using MeSH terms, supplementary concepts, synonyms, and free keywords, based on the PICOS strategy (P, population: restoration in permanent teeth; I, intervention: bulk-fill resin composite; C, comparison: conventional resin composite; O, outcome: marginal discoloration and adaptation; and S, study design: randomized and non-randomized clinical trials). The risk of bias was evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool, the meta-analyses by RevMan software, the certainty of evidence by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, and the leave-one-out sensitivity test. The prevalence of successful events and the total number of restorations were used to calculate the risk difference at a confidence interval of 95%, according to a fixed-effect model. The heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 index. Results: 16 from 10,780 studies were selected and included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Two studies were considered as high risk of bias, one showing some concerns, and 13 as low risk of bias. Four meta-analyses evaluated the marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration in class II and V cavities, with a nonsignificant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p>0.05). The certainty of evidence was considered high, except for two subgroups of each outcome. Conclusion: There is evidence that composite restorations using conventional and bulk-fill resin composites present similar clinical performance related to marginal degradation.

Abstract With the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, questions about transmissibility, vaccine efficacy, and impact on mortality are important to support decision-making in public health measures. Modifications related to transmissibility combined with the fact that much of the population has already been partially exposed to infection and/or vaccination, have stimulated recommendations to reduce the isolation period for COVID-19. However, these new guidelines have raised questions about their effectiveness in reducing contamination and minimizing impact in work environments. Therefore, a collaborative task force was developed to review the subject in a non-systematic manner, answering questions about SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 vaccines, isolation/quarantine periods, testing to end the isolation period, and the use of masks as mitigation procedures. Overall, COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing severe illness and death but are less effective in preventing infection in the case of the Omicron variant. Any strategy that is adopted to reduce the isolation period should take into consideration the epidemiological situation of the geographical region, individual clinical characteristics, and mask for source control. The use of tests for isolation withdrawal should be evaluated with caution, due to results depending on various conditions and may not be reliable.

Abstract: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate surface microhardness, roughness, color, gloss and topography of low-cost Brazilian resin composites, compared with an international one. All 120 samples (8mm ø x 2mm height) were prepared and divided into 5 groups: Ultrafill (Biodinâmica), Llis (FGM), Fill Magic (Coltene), Applic (Makira), and Filtek Z250XT (3M Oral Care). Surface microhardness (KHN) (n=10) was analyzed at two time periods: before and after simulated tooth brushing (STB). Other standardized samples of each group (n=10) were analyzed for surface roughness (Ra), color (ΔL, Δa, Δb, ΔE, ΔE00) and gloss unit (GU) at the same two periods. The topography of non-brushed and brushed samples of each group (n=4) was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed statistically by two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test (KHN, Ra, GU), and one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test (ΔL, Δa, Δb, ΔE, ΔE00) (α=0.05). Topographic images were submitted to descriptive analysis. The low-cost Brazilian resin composites investigated were compared with the international one and revealed: lower KHN, regardless of before or after STB; statistically similar Ra before STB, except Ultrafill, which presented higher values; lower Ra after STB, except Ultrafill, which presented statistically similar values; statistically similar color change in ΔL, Δa, Δb parameters; statistically similar color change in ΔE, ΔE00 parameters, except Fill Magic, which presented lower values; lower gloss before STB; lower gloss after STB, except Ultrafill, which presented statistically similar values. In a situation of scarce resources, low-cost Brazilian composites might be an acceptable cost-effective restorative alternative.

Abstract: This study developed experimental gels containing titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) combined with commercial 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP), and evaluated bleaching efficacy and pH of the gels, and mineral content and morphology of enamel submitted to these treatments. In phase-1, different stock gels mixed with TiF4 were combined with HP. In phase-2, the selected gels were tested on enamel/dentin specimens (n=8): HP; HP and Natrosol+TiF4 (HPnT); HP and Natrosol+Chemygel+TiF4 (HPncT); HP and Aristoflex+TiF4 (HPaT). Bleaching was performed in four sessions (3x15min-application/session). Color (CIEL*a*b*) and whiteness index (WID) were measured after each session, whereas whiteness index differences (ΔWID), color alteration (CIELab–ΔE, CIEDE2000-ΔE00), enamel morphology and pH, at end of bleaching therapy. The change in Knoop microhardness (ΔKHN) was compared before and after bleaching. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni (CIEL*, a*, b*), one-way ANOVA and Tukey (ΔWID, ΔE, ΔE00), and LSD (ΔKHN) tests (α=5%). SEM and pH measurements were submitted to descriptive analysis. No differences were observed in lightness (L*) or WID among the groups (p > 0.05), but HP exhibited lower b* values (p<0.05), higher ΔWID than HPnT, and the highest ΔE among the groups (p < 0.05). No differences in ΔE00 were observed between HP and HPncT (p > 0.05), and HPncT showed higher ΔKHN than HP (p < 0.05). HP presented pH values closer to neutral (6.9), whereas experimental agents showed acidic pH values (2.3–3.9). No morphological changes were observed in HP or HPncT groups. HPncT was able to bleach the enamel and maintain enamel microhardness and surface integrity, even at low pH.

Abstract: Has the first year of the covid-19 pandemic and government measures to address it degraded democracy in South America? Institutes responsible for the study and monitoring of democracy at the global level develop projects to evaluate measures that would bring risks to democratic institutions during the period of public calamity. The concern is justified because once States of Emergency have been declared, the powers of the Executive have expanded and measures to restrict the movement of people have been put in place. But the monitoring institutes have adopted different criteria for the assessment of these risks. In this work, we propose to compare the guards, their criteria, and their alerts for South America, seeking (i) to evaluate discrepancies in monitors’ analysis of this kind, and (ii) to demonstrate how measures to deal with the pandemic presented challenges to the region’s political regimes.

Resumo: O primeiro ano da pandemia do covid-19 e as medidas governamentais para seu enfrentamento degradaram a democracia na América do Sul? Institutos responsáveis pelo estudo e monitoramento da democracia à nível global desenvolvem projetos para avaliar medidas que trouxessem riscos às instituições democráticas durante o período de calamidade pública. A preocupação se justifica uma vez que Estados de Emergência foram declarados, os poderes do Executivo se expandiram e medidas de restrição de circulação de pessoas foram postas em prática. Mas os institutos monitores adotaram critérios distintos para a avaliação desses riscos. Neste trabalho, propomos a comparação dos vigilantes, seus critérios e seus alertas para a América do Sul, com o objetivo de (i) avaliar as discrepâncias nas análises de monitores desse tipo, que decorrem naturalmente das diferentes metodologias, e (ii) apresentar como medidas de combate à pandemia constituíram desafios aos regimes políticos sul-americanos.

Resumo Introdução O preparo do canal radicular, em especial o terço apical, é fundamental para o sucesso da terapia endodôntica, pois abriga o forame radicular, local que comunica o endodonto com os tecidos perirradiculares. Objetivo A presente pesquisa avaliou a contaminação do terço apical após a instrumentação de canais radiculares em três comprimentos distintos, através de dois tipos de instrumentação automatizada (rotatória contínua ou reciprocante) e uso de duas substâncias irrigadoras. Material e método Foram selecionados 66 pré-molares superiores birradiculares, os quais tiveram suas coroas removidas e raízes separadas, totalizando 132 corpos de prova (CPs). Na primeira fase, foram estabelecidos por sorteio seis grupos experimentais divididos de acordo com o comprimento de instrumentação (aquém, além e no forame radicular) e o tipo de instrumentação (rotatória contínua ou reciprocante), tendo como irrigante o hipoclorito de sódio. Na segunda fase, foi repetido o mesmo protocolo, utilizando-se como irrigante o cloreto de sódio. Para ratificar os resultados encontrados, foram criados dois grupos controles: positivo e negativo, cada um com seis CP. Resultado Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos com instrumentação rotatória contínua ou reciprocante, nos seus diversos comprimentos de instrumentação, respeitando-se o mesmo irrigante. Os grupos irrigados com hipoclorito não apresentaram crescimento bacteriano, enquanto os irrigados com cloreto de sódio permaneceram contaminados após a instrumentação. Conclusão A ação mecânica dos instrumentos endodônticos sem o uso de substância irrigadora bactericida não promove a descontaminação apical do canal radicular e a escolha do tipo da cinemática dos instrumentos endodônticos (rotatória contínua ou reciprocante) não influencia significativamente a redução de bactérias no interior dos canais radiculares, bem como instrumentações que variam de um milímetro aquém até um milímetro além do forame também não apresentaram diferenças na redução de bactérias nesta pesquisa.

Abstract Introduction The preparation of the root canal is fundamental for the success of endodontic therapy, especially the apical third, since it contains the root foramen, where the endodontium and the periradicular tissues communicate. Objective The present study evaluated the contamination of the apical third after the root canal instrumentation in three different lengths, through two types of automated instrumentation (continuous or reciprocating rotating) and two irrigating substances used. Material and method Sixty-six biradicular maxillary premolars were selected, which had their crowns removed and roots separated, totaling 132 specimens. In the first phase, six experimental groups were divided according to the length of instrumentation (before, beyond and in the radicular foramina) and the type of instrumentation (continuous or reciprocating rotatory) with sodium hypochlorite as irrigator. In the second phase the same protocol was repeated, using sodium chloride as the irrigant. In order to confirm the results, two control groups were created: positive and negative, each with six specimens. Result For the same irrigant, no differences were found between the groups with continuous or reciprocating rotational instrumentation in their different working lengths. The groups irrigated with hypochlorite showed no bacterial growth, whereas those irrigated with sodium chloride remained contaminated after instrumentation. Conclusion Mechanical action of endodontic instruments, without bactericidal irrigating substance, does not promote the apical root canal disinfection and the choice of kinematic type of endodontic instruments (continuous or reciprocating rotatory) does not significantly influence the reduction of bacteria within the root canals as well instrumentations ranging from one millimeter before to one millimeter beyond the foramen also did not present differences in the reduction of bacteria in this research.

Despite a widespread agreement on the importance of transparency in science, a growing body of evidence suggests that both the natural and the social sciences are facing a reproducibility crisis. In this paper, we present seven reasons why journals and authors should implement — transparent guidelines. We argue that sharing replication materials, which include full disclosure of the methods used to collect and analyze data, the public availability of raw and manipulated data, in addition to computational scripts, may generate the following positive outcomes: 01. production of trustworthy empirical results, by preventing intentional frauds and avoiding honest mistakes; 02. making the writing and publishing of papers more efficient; 03. enhancing the reviewers’ ability to provide better evaluations; 04. enabling the continuity of academic work; 05. developing scientific reputation; 06. helping to learn data analysis; and 07. increasing the impact of scholarly work. In addition, we review the most recent computational tools to work reproducibly. With this paper, we hope to foster transparency within the political science scholarly community.

RESUMO Racional : Acredita-se que a via Wnt é uma das mais importantes da sinalização envolvidas na carcinogênese gástrica. Objetivos : Analisar a expressão das proteínas das vias Wnt canônicas e não-canônicas no carcinoma gástrico e relacionar sua expressão com as variáveisclinicopatológicas. Método : Foram coletadas 72 amostras de carcinoma gástrico, e áreas representativas do tumor foram selecionadas para o Tissue Microarray. Imunoistoquímica foi realizada para avaliar a expressão de Wnt-5a, FZD5, GSK3β, axina, CK1, ubiquitina, ciclina D1 e c-myc. Resultados : Houve diferenças significativas para a expressão de ubiquitina no citoplasma e núcleo para tumores moderadamente e bem diferenciados (p=0,03) e para aqueles do tipo intestinal da classificação de Lauren (p=0,03). A expressão negativa da proteína c-myc no citoplasma foi relacionada aos tumores intestinais de Lauren (p=0,028). A expressão positiva de CK1 no citoplasma das células neoplásicas foi relacionada a tumores com margens cirúrgicas livre de envolvimento neoplásico (p=0,03). A expressão positiva da proteína ciclina D1 foi maior nos tumores dos homens (p=0,03). Não houve relação da expressão positiva ou negativa das proteínas Wnt-5a e FZD5 no citoplasma ou núcleo com quaisquer variáveis clinicopatológicas. O mesmo foi observado para GSK3β e Axin. Conclusões : A relação da expressão das proteínas da via canônica com as variáveis epidemiológicas e tumorais sugere sua participação na carcinogênese gástrica. Por outro lado, a ausência da relação das expressões das proteínas da via não-canônica sugere sua não participação na carcinogênese gástrica.

ABSTRACT Background : It is believed that the Wnt pathway is one of the most important signaling involved in gastric carcinogenesis. Aim : To analyze the protein expression of canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways in gastric carcinoma. Method : The immunohistochemistry was performed in 72 specimens of gastric carcinomas for evaluating the expression of Wnt-5a, FZD5, GSK3β, axin, CK1, ubiquitin, cyclin D1 and c-myc. Results : There were significant differences for cytoplasm and nucleus ubiquitin for moderately and well differentiated tumors (p=0.03) and for those of the intestinal type of the Lauren classification (p=0.03). The absence of c-myc was related to Lauren’s intestinal tumors (p=0.03). Expression of CK1 in the cytoplasm was related to compromised margin (p=0.03). Expression of cyclin D1 protein was more intense in male patients (p=0.03) There was no relation of the positive or negative expression of the Wnt-5a, FZD5, GSK3 and Axin with any clinicopathological variables. Conclusion: The canonical WNT pathway is involved in gastric carcinoma.

RESUMO Racional: O câncer gástrico encontra-se entre as principais neoplasias malignas do mundo sendo o quinto mais incidente e o terceiro em relação ao índice de mortalidade. Acredita-se que a via Wnt/betacatenina esteja ativada em 30-50% desses tumores, porém a desregulação dela ainda não está completamente esclarecida. Objetivo: Avaliar a imunoexpressão das proteínas E-caderina, betacatenina, APC, TCF-4 e survivina em tecidos de adenocarcinoma gástrico e correlacioná-las com as variáveis clínicas dos doentes e anatomopatológicas do tumor. Método: Foram coletados os dados clínicos e anatomopatológicos dos prontuários de 71 doentes com adenocarcinoma gástrico submetidos à gastrectomia. O material obtido na operação foi submetido à análise imunoistoquímica e a frequência da expressão de cada proteína pôde ser analisada de acordo com a sua localização na célula e relacionada com as variáveis clinicopatológicas. Resultados: A graduação percentualda expressão e da localização das proteínas foi a seguinte: E-caderina em 3% na membrana; betacatenina em 23,4% no citoplasma e 3,1% no núcleo; APC em 94,6% no citoplasma; TCF-4 em19,4% no núcleo; e survivina em 93,9% no núcleo. Houve relação entre expressão da proteína E-caderina com a idade mais avançada (p=0,007); betacatenina com tumores <5 cm de diâmetro (p=0,041);APC com tumores proximais (p=0,047); e TCF-4 com tipo difuso da classificação de Lauren (p=0,017) e com o grau de penetração tumoral (p=0,002). Conclusão: A via Wnt/betacatenina não está envolvida na carcinogênese gástrica. Porém, a frequência elevada de survivina permite sugerir que outras vias sinalizadoras devam estar envolvidas na transformação do tecido gástrico.

ABSTRACT Background: Gastric cancer is the fifth most frequent cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.It has been reported that Wnt/ betacatenin pathway is activated in 30-50% of these tumors. However,the deregulation of this pathway has not been fully elucidated. Aim: To determine the expression of E-cadherin, betacatenin, APC, TCF-4 and survivin proteins in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues and correlate with clinical and pathological parameters. Method: Seventy-one patients with gastric adenocarcinoma undergoing gastrectomy were enrolled. The expression of E-cadherin, betacatenin, APC, TCF-4 and survivin proteins was detected by immunohistochemistryand related to the clinical and pathological parameters. Results: The expression rates of E-cadherin in the membrane was 3%; betacatenin in the cytoplasm and nucleus were 23,4% and 3,1% respectively; APC in the cytoplasm was 94,6%; TCF-4 in the nucleus was 19,4%; and survivin in the nucleus 93,9%. The expression rate of E-cadherin was correlated with older patients (p=0,007), while betacatenin with tumors <5 cm (p=0,041) and APC with proximal tumors (p=0,047). Moreover, the expression of TCF-4 was significantly higher in the diffuse type (p=0,017) and T4 tumors (p=0,002). Conclusion: The Wnt/betacatenin is not involved in gastric carcinogenesis. However, the high frequency of survivin allows to suggest that other signaling pathways must be involved in the transformation of gastric tissue.

Resumo Este artigo testa a hipótese de que a redução na maioridade penal diminui a violência. Metodologicamente, o desenho de pesquisa utiliza análise espacial, estatística descritiva e multivariada para analisar um banco de dados original elaborado a partir de fontes secundárias. O foco repousa sobre o sistema de justiça juvenil em perspectiva comparada a partir de duas variáveis: (1) maioridade penal e (2) responsabilidade criminal. A média de maioridade penal global converge para 18 anos, enquanto a média de responsabilização criminal se aproxima de 11 anos. Os resultados sugerem uma correlação negativa entre a idade de imputabilidade penal e a taxa de homicídios, ou seja, quanto menor o patamar de maioridade penal, maior o nível de violência. Com este artigo, esperamos contribuir com o debate sobre a redução da maioridade penal no Brasil e, consequentemente, com o aprimoramento de políticas públicas específicas de combate à violência.

Abstract This paper tests the hypothesis that decreasing the age of criminal majority will reduce violence. Methodologically, the research design uses spatial analysis, descriptive and multivariate statistics to examine an original dataset created based on secondary sources. We focus on juvenile judicial system in comparative perspective centering in two variables: (1) age of criminal majority and (2) age of criminal responsibility. The general average of criminal majority tends to 18 years, while the average age of criminal responsibility tends to 11 years. The result shows a negative correlation between the age of criminal majority and homicides rates. That means that countries with lower age of criminal majority have higher rates of violence. With this paper we hope to contribute in the discussion regarding criminal majority reduction in Brazil and in the development of specific public policies to reduce violence.

Resumen Este trabajo pone a prueba la hipótesis de que la reducción de la edad legal disminuye la violencia. El diseño de la investigación utiliza análisis espacial, descriptivo y estadística multivariante para analizar una base de datos original compilada a partir de fuentes secundarias. El enfoque se basa en el sistema de justicia juvenil en perspectiva comparada con énfasis en dos variables: (1) la edad legal y (2) la responsabilidad penal. El promedio coincide en los 18 años de edad legal en el mundo, mientras que el promedio de la responsabilidad penal es aproximadamente a los 11 años. Los principales resultados sugieren una correlación negativa entre la edad de la responsabilidad penal y la tasa de homicidios, o sea, cuanto menor la edad, mayor es el nivel de violencia. Con este artículo, esperamos contribuir al debate sobre la reducción de la edad legal en Brasil y, en consecuencia, mejorar las políticas públicas específicas sobre el tema.

Résumé Ce travail teste l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'abaissement de l'âge de la majorité pénale fait diminuer la violence. Sur le plan méthodologique, l'esquisse de cette recherche a utilisé l'analyse spatiale, l'analyse descriptive et la statistique multivariée pour analyser une base de données originale compilée à partir de sources secondaires. L'étude se concentre sur le système de justice pour mineurs dans une perspective comparée mettant l'accent sur deux variables: (1) la majorité pénale et (2) la responsabilité pénale. La moyenne de l'âge légal dans le monde converge vers les 18 ans, tandis que la responsabilité pénale, en moyenne, est proche des 11 ans. Les résultats suggèrent une corrélation négative entre l'âge de la responsabilité pénale et le taux d'homicides, c'est-à-dire que plus le seuil de l'âge légal est bas, plus le niveau de violence est élevé. Avec cet article, nous espérons contribuer au débat sur la réduction de l'âge pénal au Brésil et, par conséquent, l'amélioration des politiques publiques spécifiques sur ce sujet.

INTRODUÇÃO: A remoção dos terceiros molares pode causar transtornos e prejuízos à qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à exodontia de terceiros molares, discutindo os eventos mais comumente observados. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Sessenta pacientes de uma Clínica Privada de Cirurgia, da cidade de João Pessoa-PB, foram submetidos à exodontia de terceiros molares, pelo mesmo operador e em condições semelhantes. Os dados foram coletados em duas etapas: a primeira foi realizada no dia do procedimento, quando foram anotados os dados do paciente, assim como as informações relacionadas à cirurgia. A segunda etapa foi realizada sete dias após o procedimento, quando os pacientes responderam o formulário acerca da qualidade de vida durante o pós-operatório. RESULTADO: 71,4% dos pacientes submetidos a Osteotomia e Odontossecção mantiveram suas atividades normais, e 28,6% não mantiveram. No entanto, quanto aos pacientes não submetidos às técnicas, 40,9% mantiveram suas atividades normais e 59,1% não mantiveram. De acordo com a classificação de Pell & Gregory, percebeu-se que 71,4% dos pacientes Classe 3 mantiveram suas atividades sociais normalmente, enquanto 60% dos pacientes Posição C não as mantiveram. Dos pacientes que se isolaram socialmente e foram submetidos às técnicas, 71,4% relataram a dor como o principal motivo, e 100% dos pacientes Classe 3 e 80% dos pacientes Posição C optaram pela mesma resposta. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam que as técnicas empregadas no transoperatório não interferem na qualidade de vida do paciente durante o pós-operatório e a posição tem maior influência do que a classe, no que se refere ao desenvolvimento normal das atividades sociais.

INTRODUCTION: The removal of third molars can cause disorders and damage in quality of life. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life in patients underwent surgery, discussing the most commonly events observed. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sixty patients of a private surgery clinic from João Pessoa/PB were underwent extraction of third molars by the same surgeon and and under the same conditions. Data were collected in two steps: the first one was accomplished at the day of the procedure, which were noted down both patient and surgery informations. The second step were realized seven days after the procedure, the patients answered a form about life quality at the postoperative period. RESULT: 71,4% patients underwent to osteotomy and odontosection maintained their normal activities and 28,6% did not. While in patients not submitted to the techniques, 40,9% maintained their normal activities and 59,1% did not. According to Pell & Gregory classification, 71,4% of patients Class 3 maintained normally their social activities, while 60% of patients Position C didn´t. Patients who remained socially isolated and were underwent to techniques, 71,4% reported as the main reason the pain, and 100% of patients Class 3 and 80% of patients Position C have chosen the same answer. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the techniques used in the transoperative does not influence the quality of life during the postoperative and the position has more influence than the class, in respect to the development of normal social activities.

Foram avaliados, no ecossistema de Mata Atlântica, em condições de sequeiro de Belmonte - BA, 15 genótipos de bananeira, contemplando variedades e híbridos obtidos no programa de melhoramento genético de bananeira da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura. Os genótipos foram: 'Mysore', 'Thap Maeo', 'Caipira', 'Nam', PV03-76, PV03-44, JV03-15, PA03-22, 'Pioneira', 'Prata Anã', 'Ouro da Mata', 'Prata, 'Pacovan', 'Maçã' e 'Grande Naine'. Os caracteres avaliados foram: altura da planta (cm) na roseta foliar e diâmetro do pseudocaule (cm) a 30 cm do solo, no florescimento; número de dias do plantio à colheita; peso do cacho em kg; número de frutos por cacho e comprimento do fruto em cm. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 3,0 m x 2,0 m. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, sendo cada parcela constituída de 49 plantas com 25 úteis em três repetições. Os tratos culturais foram os preconizados para a cultura. Não foi realizado controle da Sigatoca-amarela. A análise revelou que a avaliação de genótipos permite a identificação de variedades e cultivares promissoras para recomendação aos produtores, tendo se destacado, no cômputo das características avaliadas: 'Thap Maeo', 'Caipira', 'Nam' e PV03-76.

Fifteen genotypes of banana were evaluated for their performance in the Mata Atlântica ecosystem, at Belmonte city, BA, with no irrigation system. The genotypes, including varieties and hybrids from Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Banana Breeding Program, were as follow: Mysore, Thap Maeo, Caipira, Nam, PV03-76, PV03-44, JV03-15, PA03-22, Pioneira, Prata Anã, Ouro da Mata, Prata, Pacovan, Maçã and Grande Naine. The agronomic traits evaluated in the experiments were: plant height (cm) and diameter of pseudostem (measure at 30 cm above ground) during flowering; number of days from planting to harvest, weight of bunch (kg), number of hands and fingers to bunch and fingers length (cm). The plant spacing was 3,0 m between rows and 2,0 m in the row. Randomized block was used as the experimental design. Each experimental unit consisted of 25 plants, with three replications. Culture conditions followed the standard procedure for the crop. No chemical control of yellow Sigatoca was used. The analysis of the data showed that, based on the parameters evaluated in the experiments, the identification of promising varieties and cultivars could be identified for further recommendation to the growers. Among the selected genotypes, Thap Maeo, Mysore, Caipira, Nam and PV03-76 showed the best results.